![]() Disturbed sleep may be a prodromal sign of new-onset or recurrent depressive episodes ( 18– 20). Problems with sleep often accompany depression and anxiety ( 4, 5, 16, 17). Sleep disturbances that occur in women after childbirth adversely affect the well-being of both the mothers and their babies. ![]() Sleep disturbances considered alongside postpartum depression and anxiety Candidates for such biomarkers include certain hormones (estradiol, progesterone, cortisol) and inflammatory proteins ( 11, 12).Īlthough the clinical presentation of postpartum depression does not differ considerably from depression at other periods of life, some studies indicate high rates of bipolar traits and a high prevalence of anxiety and insomnia in the former, which produce substantial clinical complications ( 13– 15). There are ongoing research efforts to identify potential biomarkers of depression, i.e., compounds that could help diagnose depression in women after childbirth on the molecular level and help predict the risk of new-onset, recurrent, and potentially treatment-refractory depression ( 10). Postpartum depression may adversely affect the course of puerperium and impair mother–infant bonding ( 7– 9). However, elevated risk of depression has been reported to persist for the whole year after childbirth ( 6). According to The American Psychiatric Association, a postpartum-onset major depressive disorder (MDD) is one whose symptoms manifest within 4 weeks after delivery ( 5). The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) defines a birth-related depressive episode as one that occurs within 6 weeks after childbirth ( 4). The most common mental disturbance is postpartum depression, affecting 7–19% women who give birth ( 1– 3). Nonetheless, childbirth itself is associated with a number of psychological and physical challenges. The birth of a baby is usually a joyous event both for the mother and her family. Limitations: Small sample size and short observation span.Ĭonclusion: This study highlights the relationship between postpartum depression and both anxiety and insomnia and emphasises the importance to assess symptoms of anxiety and sleep quality as part of screening in women at risk of postpartum depression. Considering demographic factors, divorced and single women were shown to be at higher risk of postpartum depression (based on EPDS scores). There were no significant differences in IL-6 or IL-10 levels in women with and without depression (based on either HDRS or EPDS scores) and insomnia (based on AIS) after childbirth. ![]() Results: The factors that had the greatest impact on the risk of postpartum depression detected with the HDRS were high HARS scores and evidence of insomnia in the AIS. In addition, blood was drawn to assay interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 10 (IL-10). Methods: A total of 119 women were evaluated at 24–48 h postpartum with the following psychometric scales: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) and Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). Our study assessed the impact of demographic, psychopathological, and biochemical factors on the incidence of depression in women during the early postpartum period. 4Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Polandīackground: Some new mothers have been shown to suffer from anxiety and depression associated with insomnia during the postpartum period.3Department of Affective Disorders, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.21st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.1Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.Ewa Drozdowicz-Jastrzębska 1 Anna Mach 1 * Michał Skalski 1 Piotr Januszko 1 Zoulikha Jabiry-Zieniewicz 2 Marcin Siwek 3 Zbigniew Maciej Wawrzyniak 4 Maria Radziwoń-Zaleska 1
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